Scenerio (Physical Violence): John, a five year old kid has an abusive father who always comes home drunk ever since he loses his job. He would smash things around and wallop John and his mum to vent his frustrations.

Effects: John and his mum will be living in constant fear that one day they will be beaten to death and this traumatic stress is very bad for their mental health. Also, with such a violent dad, John, being only five years old, will grow up with very low self esteem as he will feel inferior that he lacked the fatherly love that all his other friends have. His friends may look down and mock at him and this childhood trauma will also stay with him throughout his life. John's dad's violence not only has a negative impact on his child physically and psychologically, it will also cause more problems the society in general if he decides to use force to solve issues, just like his dad.

For John mum's, as time passes and the same scenerio repeats, she may also develop mental illness and worse,if she reaches her breaking point, she may even commit suicide to end their misery.

To sum up, John's dad abuses his family because he is upset that he has lost his job and he shifts his attention to drinking to drown his anger and sorrows, which led to his violence. This has brought much agony to his family members and would even continue to affect them in the long run. This is an example of a negative externality where the actions of one has a negative effect on others.


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